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設計單位? 南京大學建筑與城市規劃學院梁宇舒團隊
項目地點? 內蒙古阿拉善右旗
項目周期? 2023年7月—9月
建筑面積? 167平方米
本文文字由設計單位提供。
當沙漠綠洲成為遺產地，如何尊重自然與傳統，為依靠綠洲牧場為生的原著民建造一個當代的家？
When a desert oasis becomes a heritage site, how can we build a home for the indigenous people that meets their contemporary needs?
“巴丹吉林沙漠里的家”是一個運用地方材料和建造技藝，應對沙漠極端氣候，探討巴丹吉林嘎查傳統居住建筑的生態延續與當代應變的實驗性項目。
"The Home in the Badain Jaran Desert" is an experimental project that uses locally sourced material and building techniques to tackle the harsh desert climate. It explored ecological continuity and modern adaptation of traditional dwellings in Badain Jaran Gacha.
▲ 項目視頻? ?孫驍
“家”的困境
The Dilemma of Home
2024年7月26日，巴丹吉林沙漠依靠其獨一無二的“沙山—盆湖”地貌，正式列入世界遺產名錄。作為沙漠中的點點綠洲，盆湖牧場養育了一個個以蒙古族為多數的傳統牧民家庭。樸素的傳統建造技藝雖然使牧民們得以應對夏熱冬寒、風沙肆虐的氣候環境，但已逐漸無法適應他們除小范圍游牧外的現代生活需求與經營需求。
On July 26, 2024, the Badain Jaran Desert, with its unique "Towers of Sand and Lakes" landscape, was officially listed as a World Heritage Site. The lake basin scattered across the desert, have been inhabited by Mongolian herding families since the Qing Dynasty. Over the years, unique building techniques have been developed to effectively withstand the harsh desert climate. However, these traditional vernacular dwellings have gradually become inadequate for the modern living and functional needs of the herders, who now engage in only small-scale nomads.
近10—15年來，居民自發地在家庭空間原型的基礎上進行各類擴建，沙漠中艱難的材料運輸、高昂的建造成本，以及旅游引發的床位競賽，使得“家”的建造困境愈發凸顯。未來，在遺產地的生態保護限制下，如何建造適應當代需求的“家”，成為此類遺產伴生聚落亟待解決的問題。
Over the past 10-15 years, the local people have expanded their homes based on traditional spatial prototypes, but the challenges of material transportation in the desert, the high construction costs, and the tourism-driven competition for accommodation have made conventional expansion methods unable to reconcile both climate adaptation and tradition. Meanwhile, with the construction constraints of the heritage site, finding sustainable ways to build future homes has become an urgent topic.
研究型設計
Research-based Design
該建筑并非委托項目，而是由科技研究基金支持、基于鄉土建筑研究的實驗性住宅。自2017年以來的六年間，主創建筑師及其研究團隊扎根鄉土，走訪并測繪該區域的150處民居建筑，調研牧民以家庭式牧場為主體的當代生活生產模式。設計者認為，設計實踐應以當代語境下可操作的傳統技藝的傳承為地方建筑語言發聲，嘗試以該實驗性項目為當地的鄉土建筑劇變提供一種可能性。
This project is not commissioned by a specific client, but is driven by a study of vernacular architecture and supported by an academic research fund. Over the past six years, the lead architect and research team have been immersed in the desert, surveying and mapping over 150 vernacular dwellings in the region and studying the contemporary living and production patterns of the herders, who are primarily family ranchers. The designers believe in the potential of indigenous primitive building techniques and that by studying them we can find exciting sustainable solutions and possibilities for future construction.
設計概念：草磚棚屋
Architectural Concept: Straw Brick Shed
該建筑服務于一個定牧于此的三口之家，并提供旅游招待的可能性。建筑的核心區域以草磚抹泥作圍護，采用當地民居最常見的三開間布局，滿足主客人的生活起居；一個輕盈的棚屋將其罩起，創造出三面貫通的U形腔體，容納節慶聚會、生產儲藏等功能。“草磚—棚屋”一重、一輕的構成，傳承了當地的蘆葦建造技藝，創造了一個宜居的沙漠庇護所。
The project is a house for a herding family of three with the potential to accommodate tourists. The living area is constructed with straw bricks. A breathable metal shell covers this core, providing space for festive gatherings and storage. While the metal shell represents mature industrial solutions, the straw bricks are directly derived from traditional building in the region. The fusion of primitive local construction and industrial prefabricated elements forms our vision of the ideal desert shelter of the future.
空間使用：隨“時”應變
Daily Use: Adapting to Time
棚屋內的U形廊道既區分了主客流線，也容納了牧居生活中的不同使用情境。較寬的走廊與餐廚區通過折疊窗連通，使得夏季的烹飪可在走廊進行，避免室內過熱，回應了當地民居分設冬夏廚房的需求。在冬季，北側的過渡空間可容納牲畜宰殺及肉類儲存等功能。
The host and guests access their rooms through the corridor covered by the metal shell. Meanwhile, the corridor is also used for cooking in the summer and slaughtering and storing meat in the winter, fulfilling the needs of a herder's life.
建筑背側亦學習了當地民居的智慧。背向主導風向的生土土坯墻體沒有任何開窗，僅留有一個通向圈舍等畜牧生產區域的出入口。草磚房與土坯墻之間形成的通高空間便于物料的堆放，為牧居生活提供了一個高效寬敞的生產后勤區域。
The design of the rear is also inspired by the traditional houses of the region. The adobe wall, which has no openings except for a door, shields the building from the prevailing north wind. The space between the living area and the adobe wall allows for efficient storage, creating a spacious logistical area for the herders' daily activities.
拱形屋頂為二層閣樓提供了有如蒙古包般的圍坐空間，為旅游季及節慶期間的聚會喚起民族傳統的氛圍。
The arched roof creates a yurt-like space in the mezzanine, evoking the memory of traditional Mongolian life in moments of gathering.
低能耗下沙漠氣候的適應性
Adaptability to Desert Climate with Low Energy Consumption
“草磚房”的熱惰性墻體以及“棚屋”包裹的氣候過渡區，共同確保了建筑的熱舒適性和低能耗。
The excellent thermal performance of the straw-brick wall and the climatic buffer zone enclosed by the reed metal shell ensure both a comfortable indoor climate and low energy consumption.
在冬季，采暖僅集中在核心功能區，外側的過渡空間盡可能減免了熱量的對外散失。正立面使用大面積高性能保溫隔熱窗，為室內帶來充足的日照和得熱，同時提供良好的內眺景觀視野。
In winter, heat is concentrated in the straw-brick section, while the climatic buffer zone minimises heat loss to the outside. In addition, the fully glazed south facade brings plenty of daylight and heat into the interior.
在夏季，棚屋兩側的陽光板可靈活開啟，與屋面的天窗形成有效的空氣對流，結合草編屋頂隔熱層，確保室內環境涼爽宜人。
In summer, the woven reed rope reduces solar heat gain, while the breathable envelope provides effective air circulation, keeping the interior cool and comfortable.
向日常鄉土學習
Learn from Vernacular Architecture and Ordinary landscape
巴丹吉林沙漠中現存的豐富的鄉土建筑（vernacular architecture）與日常景觀（ordinary landscape），為設計提供了充分的靈感。
The existing rich vernacular architecture and ordinary landscape in the Badain Jaran Desert provide ample inspiration for the design.
自然材料的利用
Natural Materials
通過對當地遺留的蘆葦房、梭梭棚屋等既有鄉土建筑設計智慧的學習，設計團隊就地取材，發掘當地草泥型建造技藝。蘆葦編織拱形鋼桁架屋頂的設計靈感來源于沙漠中一處失落的蒙古包群，設計創新性地將鄉村常見的拱形鋼桁架、方管、金屬屋面板等現代材料與木椽子、草繩等自然材料結合起來使用。
The rich vernacular architecture and ordinary landscape, such as reed houses and tamarisk sheds in the Badain Jaran Desert, provided rich and inspiring references for the design. Through meticulous studies of these anonymous buildings, a hybrid system of straw bricks and prefabricated metal elements was developed.
玄關的轉譯
Reimagination of the Hallway
阿拉善地區的民居建筑習慣將三開間的中間一室進行分隔，創造出玄關空間，用以阻擋風沙直接進入起居室。這不僅占用了中室在冬季寶貴的采光面，也不利于通風換氣。
In traditional houses in the Alashan region, a central corridor connects all the functional rooms and acts as a buffer to keep wind and sand out of the living areas. While this hallway provides climate control, it also blocks valuable sunlight in the winter and prevents proper ventilation. The designers reimagined this hallway by decentralizing it, wrapping it around the living area.
設計將玄關進行轉譯，將原本置于內側的玄關翻轉至外側，目的是使這一服務空間置于外圍，包裹住被服務空間。
This new configuration not only maintains a stable and comfortable indoor climate, as in the traditional houses, but also creates a large transitional buffer zone that promotes indirect ventilation and airflow more efficiently.
紋樣的再現
Representation of Motifs
阿拉善地區的傳統地毯是當地重要的手工藝品，具有很高的藝術價值。在這些地毯上發現的經典圖案和紋樣，經過設計團隊細致的研究，被轉譯到項目的建筑細節中，例如沖孔金屬板和木窗框。這種精心的整合在整個設計中喚起了強烈的地方記憶。
The region’s traditional rugs are a significant local handicraft with high artistic value. The classic patterns and motifs found in these rugs have been thoughtfully studied and transcribed into the project’s architectural details, such as the perforated metal sheet and timber window frames. This careful integration evokes a strong sense of local cultural memory throughout the design.
低技術建造
Low-tech Construction
該建筑試驗性地采用蘆葦秸稈磚和盆湖膠泥等材料。團隊在校園內進行了草磚墻身建構實驗，后在實際建造中輔以諸如輕鋼骨架、壓型沖孔鋁板、聚碳酸酯板等輕質的預制建材，大大節省了沙漠中高昂的運輸成本。壓型沖孔鋁板和聚碳酸酯板的伸縮性和易切割特點，大大提高了幕墻裝配過程中的容錯性。
The building experimentally utilizes materials on the site such as reed straw bricks and lake-side clay. Before construction, a straw brick wall mock-up was built at the architectural faculty of Nanjing University. The combination the locally sourced materials with prefabricated materials such as steel frames, corrugated perforated aluminum panels, and polycarbonate sheets significantly reducing the high transportation costs in the desert. Thanks to the straightforwardness of the detail design, the tolerance of imprecision was high enough to encounter the limited local manufacturing conditions.
由此，建筑由設計師、學生、當地工匠共同實施完成。施工周期短、建造難度較低、在當地具有推廣潛力。該項目整體造價控制在50萬元以內，項目為當地牧民提供了新鄉土建造方式的樣本。建成后，越來越多的牧民主動到訪參觀并詢問建造技術。
Ultimately, the project was a collaborative effort between designers, students and local craftsmen. Due to its short construction period and easy-to-build ventures, the architectural ideas of the project are highly promotable in the region. In addition, The total project cost was kept below 500,000 yuan. The project provides a model of new vernacular construction methods for local herders, and after its completion, more and more herders have voluntarily visited to learn about the construction techniques.
入夜，半透的棚屋透出室內的暖光，點綴在沙漠中猶如蒙古族盛會中的銀碗；進入室內，感官又沉浸在鄉土的觸感中。牧民朋友哈斯巴雅爾感嘆道：這就是我們小時候住過的房子。
Amidst the darkness of the silent night in the Badain Jaran Desert, the house glows like a silver bowl in the Mongolian Festival. Upon entering, all senses are immersed in the familiar textures of the land. Our herder friend, Hass Bayara, remarked with nostalgia, "This is exactly the house we lived in when we were kids."
設計圖紙 ▽
完整項目信息
項目名稱：巴丹吉林沙漠里的家
項目類型：公益項目、實驗住宅
項目地點：內蒙古阿拉善右旗雅布賴鎮巴丹吉林嘎查蘇敏吉林
主創設計師：梁宇舒
設計團隊：甘靜雯、董一凡、郭士博、王世龍、王瀟、羅宇豪（南京大學建筑與城市規劃學院梁宇舒團隊）
業主：無（科研經費資助下的公益項目）
建成狀態：建成
設計時間：2022年4月—2022年8月
建設時間：2023年7月—2023年9月
用地面積：167平方米
建筑面積：167平方米
結構合作方：和作結構建筑研究所
結構：張準、許悅
綠色顧問：梁衛輝、胡毅冰
照明：馬子昂、汪敏、杜博
施工圖設計：王學鍵、左中樓、何福春、潘藝靈
施工方：內蒙古鑫之玉商貿有限責任公司
材料：壓型沖孔金屬板材、聚碳酸酯板、草磚、鋼材、膠泥、木材
參與建造：南京大學鄉村振興工作營內蒙古支隊2023暑假、2024寒假支隊師生
顧問鳴謝：丁沃沃、趙辰、張鵬舉、周凌、傅筱、魯安東、黃華青、謝明瑞、繆曉東
資金支持：中央高校基本科研業務費專項資金(0902/14380035)
機構支持：蘭州職業技術學院藝術設計學院；南京創意農業研究院
品牌支持：威盧克斯（中國）有限公司、上海克絡蒂材料科技發展有限公司
攝影師：呂曉斌、孫驍
版權聲明：本文由南京大學建筑與城市規劃學院梁宇舒團隊授權發布。歡迎轉發，禁止以有方編輯版本轉載。
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