設計單位? Skidmore, Owings & Merrill（SOM）

項目地點? 瑞典哥德堡

建成時間? 2024年

建筑面積 270000平方米

本文英文原文由SOM提供，由有方編譯。

為慶祝哥德堡建城400周年而打造的Karlatornet大廈，不僅是斯堪的納維亞地區最高的建筑，同時也是該地區最高的多功能塔樓。該項目由SOM設計，是這座城市的新地標，也是推動哥德堡濱水區域更新轉型的催化劑。

Conceived to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Gothenburg, Karlatornet is not only the tallest building in Scandinavia but also the region's tallest mixed-use tower. Designed by SOM, it serves as a striking new landmark for the city and a catalyst for the transformation of Gothenburg's riverside district.

這座塔樓外形優雅而醒目，打破了城市原有的低密度發展格局，帶動Lindholmen濱水區域轉型為一個充滿活力與特色的片區，匯集了商店、餐飲和公共空間。

An elegant and striking form, the tower departs from the city's traditional low-density development patterns and catalyzes the transformation of the Lindholmen riverside district into a bustling and characterful area with shops, restaurants, and public space.

Karlatornet大廈提供611套多種戶型的新住宅，滿足城市居民的居住需求。建筑內還配備共享公共設施，營造充滿活力的社區氛圍。此外，該項目還為游客和公眾提供酒店、餐廳、辦公空間，以及一座觀景平臺，可俯瞰哥德堡的城市美景。

The tower offers 611 new homes of various apartment types, catering to the needs of the city's residents. The building also incorporates shared amenities that help create a lively community. Additionally, Karlatornet offers visitors and the public a hotel, restaurant, workspace and an observation deck that provides stunning views of Gothenburg.

項目緣起

Project origins

本項目的設計目標是改造城市中一處長期廢棄的工業造船廠區域。該地段位于優越的中心區域，項目業主Serneke希望通過引入新的混合功能和緊缺的住宅資源，來重新激活該區域。

The ambition for the project was to transform an industrial shipyard area of the city which had been unused and dilapidated for a long time. Given its central location, our client - Serneke - saw an opportunity to revitalize the district with new mixed-use functions and much-needed new homes for the city.

通過一場國際競賽，SOM贏得了該項目。塔樓高達246米，標志著瑞典傳統開發模式的一次轉變。由于瑞典的建筑規范主要面向低層和中層建筑，主要挑戰之一是在高層建筑這一新類型中確立可持續性能標準。設計團隊聚焦于提升能效、減少材料使用，并通過優化建筑朝向來降低風荷載。建筑外立面亦采用了超高性能的設計。

Following an international competition, SOM was awarded the project which, at 246 meters tall, marks a shift from traditional development patterns in Sweden. Given that the country's building regulations focus on low and mid-rise buildings, one of the key challenges was to ensure that this typology could establish appropriate sustainable performance benchmarks. Our team focused on efficiency and reduced material use as a key plank in the project's sustainability strategy, positioning and rotating the building within the site to reduce wind loading. The building also features an ultra-high-performing facade design.

作為城市新地標，Karlatornet大廈在設計中回應了城市群島地貌與歷史悠久的Hamnkanalen運河環境，采用啞光、接近自然色調的外觀材料，以及獨特的扭轉造型，使得人們從建筑內部空間能夠眺望濱水景觀或城市風貌。

As a new landmark for the city, Karlatornet's design responds to the context of the city's archipelago and the historic Hamnkanalen through its external palette of matte, earthy-colored materials and its unusual twisting form which affords views over the waterfront or the city from the inside.

創新展示

Showcasing innovation

在當地環境中建造如此獨特的建筑，Karlatornet大廈這一項目面臨諸多技術挑戰。

Constructing a structure as unusual as Karlatornet in its local context presented many technical challenges.

項目需克服的重大難題之一，是其建造地為典型的軟質“快速”黏土（soft "quick" clay）地基，這在哥德堡十分常見。為此，建筑采用了58根直徑2米的鋼筋混凝土端承鉆孔樁，穿透軟土層直達60米深處的片麻巖（類似于花崗巖）巖層。

The project required overcoming the huge construction challenge of building on soft "quick" clay that is highly plastic and typical of Gothenburg. The building's substructure comprises 58 end-bearing reinforced concrete (RC) bored piles of ?2m, which extend to the gneiss (granite-like) rock formation at a depth of up to 60m through the soft clay.

巖石表面在塔樓底部傾斜較大，為項目增加了復雜性。樁基需采用復雜而罕見的施工技術，包括樁基深入巖石9米，以避免巖面滑動失穩；同時，在澆筑混凝土前還需進行碎石氣舉及多次水洗清孔。

There was an added complexity to the foundation due to the rock surface being steeply sloped across the tower's footprint. The piles required complex and highly unusual boring techniques, including deep pile socketing into the rock by up to 9m to mitigate against slip failure of the rock across the sloping surface and airlifting of crushed rock fragments and multiple water flushing of the bore before concreting.

這些樁基承托著一個33×33×3.75米的鋼筋混凝土筏板，承載上部結構的荷載。筏板中設有一個6.85米深的、為塔樓服務的高速電梯坑。這一結構懸掛于筏板，而在筏板內創造一個折疊，從而簡化了施工工藝。

The piles support a 33x33x3.75m RC raft that supports the superstructure loads. The raft includes a 6.85m deep pit required for high-speed lifts serving the tower, which is effectively formed of a slab suspended from the main raft, rather than a fold created in the raft slab that would have been more complex to construct.

項目還需引入該地區并不常見的特殊施工專業知識。項目團隊整合了來自斯洛伐克、英國和瑞典的國際專家資源。其中，樁基施工由經驗豐富的丹麥承包商完成，涉及的施工深度和規模在當地十分少見。

The project also demanded unusual construction specialisms that were less familiar in the region so our project team combined the specialist knowledge and expert repertoire of an international team from Slovakia, the United Kingdom and Sweden. The installation of the piles required the expertise of specialist Danish contractors and construction techniques which are unusual at such depth and magnitude.

作為首個采用鋼筋混凝土核心筒、預應力外伸結構系統的項目，Karlatornet大廈為更廣泛的結構工程行業設立了新標桿，提供了一種堅固、材料利用高效的混凝土結構設計方案，其設計受風荷載作用下的使用性能所制約。

As the first example of an RC core/PT outrigger system, this sets an important precedent for advancing the wider structural engineering profession by creating stiff and materially-efficient concrete structures whose design is governed by service performance under wind loading.

可持續性

Sustainability

建筑的體量和朝向最大限度地減少了對材料、采暖、制冷和照明的需求。在早期風洞測試中，設計團隊發現原始的朝向會使建筑暴露在主導風向下，帶來過高的風荷載和加速度。為了最小化結構元素以滿足所需的強度和剛度，設計團隊找到了一個解決方案：通過將塔樓整體旋轉45度，使其主要荷載落于更寬的斜面，提升了結構剛度，從而大幅減少了優化側向結構所帶來的碳排放。

The massing and orientation of the building minimize the demand for materials, heating, cooling and lighting. During the initial stages of wind tunnel testing, we found that the original orientation of Karlatornet was exposed to predominant wind directions, resulting in high wind loads and accelerations. To minimize the structural elements to meet the required strength and stiffness, our team found a solution by rotating the tower's orientation by 45 degrees to increase its inherent stiffness by loading it over the wider, diagonal face. This resulted in significant savings in embodied carbon associated with the optimized lateral system.

該建筑通過被動策略響應哥德堡的溫帶氣候，專注于熱容、遮陽和自然采光，以保障全年居住的舒適性。這些策略也影響了外立面設計和住宅內部空間的布局。

The building responds to Gothenburg's temperate climate through passive strategies, focused on thermal mass, shading and lighting to ensure optimal indoor comfort for occupants throughout the year. These strategies also helped to inform the building's facade articulation and the internal layout of the apartments.

具有集成三層玻璃窗的高絕緣高性能外圍護結構，使整體建筑混合傳熱系數U值僅為0.55W/m2℃，處于行業領先水平。同時，在防火和電梯系統方面的設計也在本地區設立了新的標準。

A well-insulated high-performing enclosure with integrated triple-glazed windows results in a class-leading 0.55W/m2°C blended U-value across the entire building. Equally, design for fire safety and lifting performance defined new standards in this location.

在項目的各個環節，我們都優先考慮材料的選擇。例如，建筑使用的混凝土比傳統混凝土含有更低的波特蘭水泥量，從而降低了氣候影響。通過優化筏板混凝土配方，替代約三分之一的水泥，成功減少超過400噸二氧化碳當量排放。

Sensitive material selection was prioritized in every aspect of the project. For example, the concrete used on Karlatornet contains a significantly lower content of Portland cement than traditional concrete, resulting in a lower climate impact. Refining the concrete mix for the raft and replacing about a third of the cement with alternatives saved more than 400 tonnes of CO?e.

Karlatornet大廈坐落于新開發片區的核心位置，周邊配套有全新的基礎設施，并與城市各地聯系便捷。建筑的多功能混合業態與公共設施不僅塑造了片區的整體特征與發展方向，也顯著帶動了區域經濟。預計該項目在未來六到七年將實現約100億瑞典克朗的營業額。

Karlatornet is located in the heart of a newly-developed district with new infrastructure and a variety of transport connections to the rest of the city. Its mixed-use functions and public amenities not only contribute to defining the area's character and future of development but also to its economic performance, with an estimated turnover of ten billion SEK over the next six to seven years.

完整項目信息

Client: Serneke GROUP Ab

Expertise: Hospitality, Mixed Use, Residential, Structural Engineering, Urban Design + Planning

Location: Gothenburg, Sweden

Completion Year: 2024

Site Area: 143,000 square meters

Building Height: 247 meters

Number of Stories: 74

Building Gross Area: 270,000 square meters

Collaborators: BMT Defense Services, Ltd, Bengt Dahlgren, Rejlers Ab, Semrén & M?nsson, Kub Arkitekter, Andreas Martin-L?f Arkitekter, Vbk Konsulterande Ingenj?rer Ab, Sweco, Norconsult, Peutz Group, Reef Associates Ltd

本文英文原文及圖片由SOM授權有方發布，編譯版權歸有方空間所有。歡迎轉發，禁止以有方編輯版本轉載。