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新加坡康沃爾花園住宅，選自Olivia Broome撰寫、Hoxton Mini Press出版的Brutalist Plants一書
Cornwall Gardens House in Singapore, from the book Brutalist Plants by Olivia Broome, published by Hoxton Mini Press
(Image credit: Albert Lim KS)
什么是生態粗野主義？探究這場運動中的綠色巨石
What is eco-brutalism? Inside the green monoliths of the movement
由專筑網Yinglin，小R編譯
冷峻的混凝土與傾瀉而下的綠植并置，極具 Instagram 風格特征，但這種建筑運動如何解決與粗野主義相關的可持續性問題呢？
The juxtaposition of stark concrete and tumbling greenery is eminently Instagrammable, but how does this architectural movement address the sustainability issues associated with brutalism?
什么是生態粗野主義？
如果您關注建筑圈，很可能已經聽說過“生態粗野主義”這個詞。它指的是一種新興的建筑運動，融合了粗野主義的原則——裸露的材料、功能性、大量使用混凝土——以及可持續建筑的理念；主要是整合親生物設計，強調人與自然之間的聯系。
什么讓生態粗野主義“生態化”？
將冰冷而宏偉的建筑轉化為綠色綠洲的想法很有吸引力。但這種趨勢僅僅停留在美學層面嗎？生態粗野主義的目的是什么？
傳統上，粗野主義因其對環境的影響而飽受批評，這主要源于其大量使用混凝土，而混凝土的生產需要消耗大量的水、原材料和能源。生態粗野主義旨在以現代生態優先的理念重新定義這種風格。
生態粗野主義建筑可能會融入懸掛式或垂直花園、苔蘚覆蓋的外立面或綠色屋頂，這些都能改善空氣質量、促進生物多樣性并調節溫度（植物充當天然隔熱體和遮陽物，夏季降低室內溫度，冬季保持熱量，從而減少對人工溫度控制的依賴）。
然而，重要的是要注意，植物的使用并非綠色建筑的既定證據。理想情況下，生態粗野主義建筑還應使用環保材料，例如回收或低碳混凝土（如 Seratech 的碳中和復合水泥，該公司因此在2022年贏得了 Obel 獎）、再生木材或回收鋼材，或者用粉煤灰或爐渣等替代品取代傳統水泥。它還可能整合可持續建筑原則，如被動式降溫（如用于空氣流通的交叉通風系統）、太陽能電池板和雨水收集系統。
What is eco-brutalism?
If you move in architecture circles, chances are you’ve heard the term ‘eco-brutalism’ floating around. It refers to an emerging movement that incorporates the tenets of brutalism – exposed materials, functional, largely concrete-based – and principles of sustainable building; mainly the integration of biophilic design, which emphasises the connection between humans and nature.
What makes eco-brutalism ‘eco’?
The idea of transforming something cold and imposing into a green oasis is attractive. But does this trend go beyond aesthetics? What is the purpose of eco-brutalism?
Traditionally, brutalism has faced criticism for its environmental impact, largely stemming from its use of concrete, the production of which uses large amounts of water, raw materials and energy. Eco-brutalism seeks to reframe the style with modern ecological priorities in mind.
Eco-brutalist structures may incorporate hanging or vertical gardens, moss-covered façades or green roofs, which can improve air quality, promote biopersity and regulate temperature (plants act as natural insulators and shade-givers, reducing indoor temperatures in summer and retaining heat in winter, thus reducing reliance on artificial temperature control).
It’s important, however, to note that the use of plants is not de facto evidence of green architecture. An eco-brutalist building should also, ideally, use eco-friendly materials such as recycled or low-carbon concrete (such as Seratech's carbon-neutral composite cement, which won the company an Obel award in 2022), reclaimed wood or salvaged steel, or replace traditional cement with alternatives like fly ash or slag. It may also integrate sustainable building principles like passive cooling (such as cross-ventilation systems for airflow), solar panels and rainwater collection systems.
生態粗野主義建筑實例
The buildings of eco-brutalism
巴西叢林之家
Jungle House, Brazil
(Image credit: Studio mk27)
叢林之家（Jungle House）由巴西 Studio mk27 事務所設計，其創始人 Marcio Kogan 曾擔任2024年10月《Wallpaper》雜志的客座編輯，這是巴西大西洋雨林中一棟引人注目的住宅。該建筑于2015年竣工，線條簡潔，采用裸露混凝土，并被當地植物環繞，從而減少對生態的干擾。叢林之家使用了 Accoya 木材，這種木材在潮濕氣候下的耐用性十分優越，并棲息在柱子上，最大限度地減少其地面足跡。
Designed by Brazil-based Studio mk27 (whose founder, Marcio Kogan, guest edited Wallpaper's October issue in 2024), the Jungle House, also known as Casa na Mata, is a striking residence nestled in Brazil’s Atlantic Rainforest. Completed in 2015, the building features clean lines and exposed concrete, and is sequestered among native plants (to ensure minimal ecological disruption). Jungle House also uses accoya wood, chosen for its durability in humid climates, and is perched on pillars to minimise its ground footprint.
哥斯達黎加藝術別墅
Art Villa, Costa Rica
(Image credit: Art Villas)
這座由Refuel Works和 Formafatal設計的兩層混凝土結構屬于普拉亞赫爾莫薩（Playa Hermosa）藝術別墅度假村，建筑展現了受巴西建筑師Paulo Mendes da Rocha啟發的極簡主義美學。別墅擁有鋼結構框架和綠色屋頂，有助于降溫，減少對空調的需求，而穿孔鋁板則實現了自然通風，并在室內創造出動態的光影效果。
Part of the Art Villas resort in Playa Hermosa, this two-storey concrete structure, designed by Refuel Works and Formafatal, features a minimalist aesthetic inspired by Brazilian architect Paulo Mendes da Rocha. The villa has a steel frame and a green roof that helps cool it, reducing the need for air conditioning, while perforated aluminum panels allow for natural ventilation and also create a dynamic play of light and shadow inside.
孟加拉國馬蒙住宅
Mamun Residence, Bangladesh
(Image credit: Shatotto Architecture)
這座整體式住宅由Shatotto Architecture設計，是現代主義與氣候響應式建筑融合的典范。從美學上看，這棟住宅從傳統的“mathal”帽中汲取靈感；在創新設計方面，它設有一個混凝土外殼，作為抵御強風的保護屏障，同時通過懸挑等策略，提供遮蔭功能，促進自然降溫并改善空氣質量。
This monolithic residence was designed by Shatotto Architecture and exemplifies a blend of modernist and climate-responsive architecture. Aesthetically, the Chittagong home draws inspiration from the traditional ‘mathal’ hat; in terms of innovative design, it features a concrete shell that serves as a protective barrier against strong winds, while layered parasols and overhangs and integrated gardens provide shade, promote natural cooling and improve air quality.
墨西哥陸地酒店
Hotel Terrestre, Mexico
(Image credit: Fabián Martínez)
由建筑師Alberto Kalach設計的瓦哈卡陸地酒店（Hotel Terrestre）于2022年榮獲Wallpaper* 設計獎。它由極簡、幾何形的別墅組成，采用粘土、磚、木材和混凝土等當地材料建造。設計靈感來源于中美洲的金字塔，并被包括柯巴樹、牧豆樹和蘭花在內的本地植被環繞，為當地野生動物創造了一個庇護所。令人印象深刻的是，該酒店完全離網運行，由太陽能供電。該設計還充分利用被動式降溫和自然通風，從而使得酒店無須倚仗空調。
Designed by architect Alberto Kalach, Oaxaca resort Hotel Terrestre won a Wallpaper* Design Award in 2022. It comprises minimalist, geometric villas built from local materials like clay, brick, wood and concrete. The design draws inspiration from Mesoamerican step-pyramids, and is enveloped in native vegetation including copal trees, mesquite and orchids, creating a sanctuary for local wildlife. Impressively, the hotel operates completely off-grid, powered entirely by solar energy. The design also utilises passive cooling and natural ventilation to the extent that the need for air conditioning is eliminated.
英國巴比肯中心
The Barbican Centre, UK
選自Olivia Broome撰寫、Hoxton Mini Press出版的Brutalist Plants一書
From the book Brutalist Plants by Olivia Broome, published by Hoxton Mini Press
(Image credit: © Taran Wilkhu)
倫敦二級保護建筑巴比肯中心（Barbican Centre）是粗野主義的瑰寶，最初建于1971年至1982年間，作為二戰中遭受嚴重轟炸地區現代城市建筑的典范。這是一個極好的生態粗野主義例子，因為它經過了改造以使其更可持續地運行；巴比肯中心現在使用 100% 可再生能源，并旨在通過建筑系統升級實現凈零碳排放。該建筑的溫室包含超過1500種植物，提升了倫敦市中心的生物多樣性。
London’s Grade II-listed Barbican is a brutalist gem, originally built between 1971 and 1982 as an example of modern urban architecture in an area that was heavily bombed during the Second World War. This is a great example of eco-brutalism because it has been retrofitted to make it operate more sustainably; the Barbican Centre now uses 100 per cent renewable energy and aims to achieve net-zero carbon emissions through building system upgrades. The building’s conservatory contains over 1,500 plant species, promoting biopersity in the heart of London.
更多生態粗野主義建筑實例
More examples of eco-brutalist buildings
日本加固山坡
Reinforced hillside, Japan
選自Olivia Broome撰寫、Hoxton Mini Press出版的Brutalist Plants一書
(Image credit: © Yasushi Okano)
From the book Brutalist Plants by Olivia Broome, published by Hoxton Mini Press
這個土木工程項目采用混凝土網格系統，旨在防止陡峭地形上的山體滑坡。盡管其目的在于實用，但它已成為Aogashima島上備受推崇的建筑。
This civil engineering project features a concrete grid system designed to prevent landslides on the steep terrain. Despite its utilitarian purpose, it has become a revered architectural feature of the island of Aogashima.
法國伊夫里之星
Les Étoiles d’Ivry, France
選自Olivia Broome撰寫、Hoxton Mini Press出版的Brutalist Plants一書
From the book Brutalist Plants by Olivia Broome, published by Hoxton Mini Press
(Image credit: © pp1 / Shutterstock)
伊夫里之星（Les Étoiles d’Ivry）是位于巴黎郊區塞納河畔伊夫里的社會住宅綜合體，建于1969年至1975年間。由Renée Gailhoustet和Jean Renaudie設計，該項目屬于城市更新計劃，其最初方案中包含了大量的植被。
Les Étoiles d’Ivry is a social housing complex located in the Parisian suburb of Ivry-sur-Seine, constructed between 1969 and 1975. Designed by Renée Gailhoustet and Jean Renaudie, the project was built as part of an urban renewal initiative and included extensive planting as part of its original scheme.
新加坡裕廊飛禽公園
Jurong Bird Park, Singapore
選自Olivia Broome撰寫、Hoxton Mini Press出版的Brutalist Plants一書
From the book Brutalist Plants by Olivia Broome, published by Hoxton Mini Press
(Image credit: © James Wong)
裕廊飛禽公園（Jurong Bird Park）是新加坡著名的旅游景點，由建筑師 John Yealland 和 J Toovey 設計。該公園于1971年開放時，擁有超過3500只鳥類，涵蓋400個物種，倡導生物多樣性。
Jurong Bird Park was a well-known tourist attraction in Singapore, designed by architects John Yealland and J Toovey. When it opened in 1971, it housed over 3,500 birds across 400 species, championing biopersity.
本文版權歸腿腿教學網及原創作者所有，未經授權，謝絕轉載。
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